Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult...

Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion What is Equality? Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation, transgender and Age. People must not be unfairly discriminated against because of any of these factors and we must all contribute to creating a positive workplace and service delivery environment where discriminatory practices and†¦show more content†¦Race Relations Act 1976 (amended 2000). This states that everyone must be treated fairly regardless of their race, nationality, or ethnic or national origins. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. This states that a person with a disability must not be treated less fairly than someone who is able-bodied. Employment Equality (Religion orBelief) Regulations 2003. This says it is unlawful to discriminate against people at work because of their religion or belief. The regulations also cover training that is to do with work. Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006. This says it is unlawful for an employer or potential employer to discriminate against you at work because of your age. Essential Standards CQC has set 28 essential standards of quality and safety (outcomes) which GP practices must comply with. The essential standards are set out in the Care Quality Commission (Registration) Regulations 2009 and the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010. Of the 28 outcomes, there are 16 core outcomes which relate to the quality and safety of patient care. When you apply for registration, you may be compliant with most, but not all, 28 standards. CQC states that this is acceptable providing there is no risk to patients. When you register with CQC you will make an initial declaration of compliance (or non-compliance) in respect of the 16 core outcomes, but are not required to submitShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings.3752 Words   |  16 Pages303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. Task A Ai. Diversity – The concept of diversity is to encompass acceptance and respect. It means that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual’s differences, these can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, social- economic status, age, physical abilities or religious beliefs. An example of diversity is to accept someone’s views even if you don’t agree Equality – Equality basicallyRead MorePRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS863 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Unit 303: PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1.1 Diversity means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common they are also different and unique in other ways. Diversity is about recognising these differences and valuing them. Diversity is in the form of visible bind, non-visible differences which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and race disability, age, gender belief and religionRead MorePrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings2120 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 303 Bi Create a leaflet Legislations and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 You share the responsibility with your employer for your own safety and of all people that you support Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 An employee is refused a promotion, because of their age Employment Equality (Religion or Belies) and (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 An employee is refused e.g. trainingRead Morenvq 3 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings789 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings 1.1 Explain what is meant by a) Diversity Diversity means varied or different, so in a social care setting the importance of diversity means to recognise and respect the importance of people’s wishes and to treat them as individuals. b) Equality Equality means ensuring that everybody is entitled to equal rights and opportunities and therefore preventing discrimination. c) Inclusion Inclusion means to ensure thatRead MoreAssignment 303 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings2063 Words   |  9 PagesTask A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. Diversity: The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, politicalRead MoreList Key Legislation And Codes Of Practice1177 Words   |  5 Pageslist key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care setting. There are several pieces of legislation that chains the principles of a number of previous acts. The purpose of this act is to join many of the principles of previous pieces of legislation to make it easier to understand, in places to promote equality and reduce the discrimination, such as; †¢ Employment Equality Regulations 2003 †¢ Special Educational Needs and DisabilityRead MoreEssay on nvq 2695 Words   |  3 Pages Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Setting 1.1 Define what is meant by: Diversity Equality Inclusion Discrimination Diversity - is meant by acknowledging that each individual is unique and recognising individual differences, For example culture, ability, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or any other individual characteristic. Equality - is fair treatment and access opportunities for all regardlessRead MoreUnit 203 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care827 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 203 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. 1.1) * Diversity is essentially another word for different, it recognises that people are different and unique in many ways such as, personal characteristics, background, culture, personality, race, disability, gender, religion, belief, sexual orientation and age. It means recognising and understanding individual’s differences and embracing them, to allow people feel more valued. * Equality means treatingRead Moreunit 12 nvq3 Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 12 PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1) Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1.1) Explain what is meant by :- Diversity- recognises that all though people have thing in common they are also different in many ways. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors which include personal characteristics such as backgrounds culture, by recognising and understanding our individual differences andRead MorePrinciples Of Diversity, Equality And Inclusion In Adult Social Care1414 Words   |  6 Pages Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Question Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai Complete the following, describing in your own words what each term means. 8 marks †¢ Diversity You need to understand that each individual is unique and be aware or recognise individual differences. The concept of diversity is to accept and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing and accepting individual differences Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult... Assignment 303 Bi Create a leaflet Legislations and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 You share the responsibility with your employer for your own safety and of all people that you support Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 An employee is refused a promotion, because of their age Employment Equality (Religion or Belies) and (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 An employee is refused e.g. training or lost a job, because of their beliefs, race or sexuality Equal Pay Act 1970 A female employee is paid less than a male employee for doing same job Sex Discrimination Act 1975 If a female employee is refused a promotion or training, because†¦show more content†¦It is therefore very important to respect and honour their personal beliefs. Some want to go to church on Sundays and others do not want to speak about church at all and I must respect the fact that they do not want to speak about anything about the Church. It is part of the work that I do to make sure my clients are happy and therefore am conscious at all times that they feel comfortable about anything they want to talk to me about. It is most important to remember that my own preferences are different to others and that I can never expect others to think, act and feel the same as I do. For example, I like to bath at night and shower in the morning but some of my clients fear water and they really hate the idea of being showered, washed or bathes even once a week. I have to respect their decision but at the same time I need to encourage them to maintain a healthy and clean state of mind and body. I in cases like this will spend more time encouraging the client that they will feel better and not try and tell them how I feel when I am clean and fresh. As a provider of care and support you will need to ensure that you understand the legal framework regarding equality, diversity, discrimination and rights and be able to relate this to your everyday role. Discrimination could take the form of stereotyping, making assumptions, patronising, humiliating and disrespecting people, taking some people less seriously. These are some of the things you can do to make sureShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings.2079 Words   |  9 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion What is Equality? Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientationRead MorePrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings.3752 Words   |  16 Pages303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. Task A Ai. Diversity – The concept of diversity is to encompass acceptance and respect. It means that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual’s differences, these can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, social- economic status, age, physical abilities or religious beliefs. An example of diversity is to accept someone’s views even if you don’t agree Equality – Equality basicallyRead MorePRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS863 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Unit 303: PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1.1 Diversity means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common they are also different and unique in other ways. Diversity is about recognising these differences and valuing them. Diversity is in the form of visible bind, non-visible differences which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and race disability, age, gender belief and religionRead Morenvq 3 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings789 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings 1.1 Explain what is meant by a) Diversity Diversity means varied or different, so in a social care setting the importance of diversity means to recognise and respect the importance of people’s wishes and to treat them as individuals. b) Equality Equality means ensuring that everybody is entitled to equal rights and opportunities and therefore preventing discrimination. c) Inclusion Inclusion means to ensure thatRead MoreAssignment 303 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings2063 Words   |  9 PagesTask A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. Diversity: The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, politicalRead MoreList Key Legislation And Codes Of Practice1177 Words   |  5 Pageslist key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care setting. There are several pieces of legislation that chains the principles of a number of previous acts. The purpose of this act is to join many of the principles of previous pieces of legislation to make it easier to understand, in places to promote equality and reduce the discrimination, such as; †¢ Employment Equality Regulations 2003 †¢ Special Educational Needs and DisabilityRead MoreEssay on nvq 2695 Words   |  3 Pages Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Setting 1.1 Define what is meant by: Diversity Equality Inclusion Discrimination Diversity - is meant by acknowledging that each individual is unique and recognising individual differences, For example culture, ability, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or any other individual characteristic. Equality - is fair treatment and access opportunities for all regardlessRead MoreUnit 203 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care827 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 203 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. 1.1) * Diversity is essentially another word for different, it recognises that people are different and unique in many ways such as, personal characteristics, background, culture, personality, race, disability, gender, religion, belief, sexual orientation and age. It means recognising and understanding individual’s differences and embracing them, to allow people feel more valued. * Equality means treatingRead Moreunit 12 nvq3 Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 12 PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1) Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1.1) Explain what is meant by :- Diversity- recognises that all though people have thing in common they are also different in many ways. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors which include personal characteristics such as backgrounds culture, by recognising and understanding our individual differences andRead MorePrinciples Of Diversity, Equality And Inclusion In Adult Social Care1414 Words   |  6 Pages Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Question Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai Complete the following, describing in your own words what each term means. 8 marks †¢ Diversity You need to understand that each individual is unique and be aware or recognise individual differences. The concept of diversity is to accept and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing and accepting individual differences Principles Of Diversity, Equality And Inclusion In Adult... Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Question Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai Complete the following, describing in your own words what each term means. 8 marks †¢ Diversity You need to understand that each individual is unique and be aware or recognise individual differences. The concept of diversity is to accept and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing and accepting individual differences. These can be race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing†¦show more content†¦To discriminate against another is to act in a way that treats them differently and usually unfairly. Aii It is important that social care workers follow laws, regulations and codes of practice. List three that relate to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. 3 marks 1. The human rights act 1998 2. The equality act 2010 3. Social care codes of practice Aiii Describe two situations where you may need to get some support, information or advice about working in a way that promotes diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. 4 marks Situation one For instance, a residents meeting was taking place and a service user asked for an evening of music and dance to take place in the future because they used to dance for a hobby with their wife/husband, you need to hire a hall for this to take place as the care setting isn’t big enough to accommodate this and all of the service users want to join in. Situation two. Also during the meeting another resident asked for a pamper evening for gentle massages with different scented oils to be used to help their joints and to help them to relax. Aiv For each of the situations you have identified, describe how you could access support, information or guidance. 4 marks Situation one. Some service users may have difficultyShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings.2079 Words   |  9 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion What is Equality? Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientationRead MorePRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS863 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Unit 303: PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1.1 Diversity means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common they are also different and unique in other ways. Diversity is about recognising these differences and valuing them. Diversity is in the form of visible bind, non-visible differences which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and race disability, age, gender belief and religionRead MorePrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings.3752 Words   |  16 Pages303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. Task A Ai. Diversity – The concept of diversity is to encompass acceptance and respect. It means that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual’s differences, these can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, social- economic status, age, physical abilities or religious beliefs. An example of diversity is to accept someone’s views even if you don’t agree Equality – Equality basicallyRead MoreUnit 203 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care827 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 203 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings. 1.1) * Diversity is essentially another word for different, it recognises that people are different and unique in many ways such as, personal characteristics, background, culture, personality, race, disability, gender, religion, belief, sexual orientation and age. It means recognising and understanding individual’s differences and embracing them, to allow people feel more valued. * Equality means treatingRead MorePrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings2120 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 303 Bi Create a leaflet Legislations and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 You share the responsibility with your employer for your own safety and of all people that you support Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 An employee is refused a promotion, because of their age Employment Equality (Religion or Belies) and (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 An employee is refused e.g. trainingRead Morenvq 3 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings789 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings 1.1 Explain what is meant by a) Diversity Diversity means varied or different, so in a social care setting the importance of diversity means to recognise and respect the importance of people’s wishes and to treat them as individuals. b) Equality Equality means ensuring that everybody is entitled to equal rights and opportunities and therefore preventing discrimination. c) Inclusion Inclusion means to ensure thatRead MoreAssignment 303 Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings2063 Words   |  9 PagesTask A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. Diversity: The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, politicalRead MoreList Key Legislation And Codes Of Practice1177 Words   |  5 Pageslist key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care setting. There are several pieces of legislation that chains the principles of a number of previous acts. The purpose of this act is to join many of the principles of previous pieces of legislation to make it easier to understand, in places to promote equality and reduce the discrimination, such as; †¢ Employment Equality Regulations 2003 †¢ Special Educational Needs and DisabilityRead MoreEssay on nvq 2695 Words   |  3 Pages Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Setting 1.1 Define what is meant by: Diversity Equality Inclusion Discrimination Diversity - is meant by acknowledging that each individual is unique and recognising individual differences, For example culture, ability, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or any other individual characteristic. Equality - is fair treatment and access opportunities for all regardlessRead Moreunit 12 nvq3 Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 12 PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1) Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1.1) Explain what is meant by :- Diversity- recognises that all though people have thing in common they are also different in many ways. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors which include personal characteristics such as backgrounds culture, by recognising and understanding our individual differences and PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT... Unit 303: PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1.1 Diversity means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common they are also different and unique in other ways. Diversity is about recognising these differences and valuing them. Diversity is in the form of visible bind, non-visible differences which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and race disability, age, gender belief and religion. By understanding these differences and celebrating them we can create an environment where everyone feels valued. Equality is a way of treating everybody in an appropriate way that suits their needs without showing them up and treating them†¦show more content†¦It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming people’s differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all aspects of diversity. Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individuals diverse need supports them in developing a sense of belonging, wellbeing and confidence in their identity and abilities. 2.1 These include equality act, human rights act, essential standards and codes of practice. The Human Right Act 1998- covers many different types of discrimination, including some that are not covered by other discrimination laws. The Equal Pay Act 1970 (1984)- says that women must be paid the same as men when they are doing the same job. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005- this act makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sex, marital status or gender reassignment. It applies when recruiting and when deciding term and conditions that should be offered to an employee as well as when decisions are made about who should be promoted, transferred or receive training. The Race Relation Act 1976- this act gives public authorities a statutory duty to promote race quality. 2.2 The consequences of not complying with legislation and codes of practice could be any of the following: -verbal warning -written warning -suspension -termination of employment -police interview -criminal conviction.Show MoreRelatedInclusion and Autism in Main Stream Schools3923 Words   |  16 PagesApart or A Part? Inclusion and Autism in Main Stream Primary Settings. The number of pupils with autistic spectrum conditions (ASC) being educated in mainstream settings is increasing (Humphrey 2008). Inclusion in main stream education can be extremely beneficial for pupils on the autism spectrum (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and families, 2009), however there is growing concern about the educational experiences of pupils with ASC. 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Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Process Free Essays

COMMON BIASES AND ERRORS IN DECISION-MAKING PROCESS In addition to engaging in bounded rationality, an accumulating body of research tells us that decision makers allow systematic biases and errors to creep into their judgments. These come out of attempts to shortcut the decision process. To minimize effort and avoid difficult trade-offs, people tend to rely too heavily on experience, impulses, gut feelings, and convenient aâ‚ ¬? rules of thumb. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now aâ‚ ¬? In many instances, these shortcuts are helpful. However, they can lead to severe distortions from rationality. The following highlights the most common distortions. Overconfidence Bias:  Itaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s been said that aâ‚ ¬? no problem in judgment and decision making is more prevalent and more potentially catastrophic than overconfidence. aâ‚ ¬? When weaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re given factual questions and asked to judge the probability that our answers are correct, we tend to be far too optimistic. For instance, studies have found that, when people say theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re 65 to 70% confident that theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re right, they were actually correct only about 50% of the time. And when they say theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re 100% sure, they tended to be 70 to 85% correct. From an organizational standpoint, one of the more interesting findings related to overconfidence is that those individuals whose intellectual and interpersonal abilities are weakest are most likely to overestimate their performance and ability. So as mangers and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, the less likely they are to display overconfidence. Overconfidence is most likely to surface when organizational members are considering issues or problems that are outside their area of expertise. Anchoring Bias:  The anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information as a starting point. Once set, we then fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. The anchoring bias occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives. So initial impressions, ideas, process, and estimates carry undue weight relative to information received later. Anchors are widely used by professional people such as advertising writers, managers, politicians, real estate agents, and lawyersaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ where persuasion skills are important For instance, in a mock jury trial, one set of jurors was asked by the plaintiffaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attorney to make an award in the range of Rs. million to Rs. 25 million. Another set of jurors was asked for an award in the range of Rs. 25 million to 75 million. Consistent with the anchoring bias, the median awards were Rs. 5 million versus Rs. 25 million in the two conditions. Consider the role of anchoring in negotiations and interviews. Any time a negotiation takes place, so does anchoring . As soon as someone states a number, your ability to objectively ignore that number has been compromised. For instance, when a prospective employer asks how much you were making in your prior job, your answer typically anchors the employeraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer. Most of us understand this and upwardly aâ‚ ¬? adjustaâ‚ ¬? our previous salary in the hope that it will encourage our employer to offer us more. Anchoring can distort employment interviews. The initial information you might get interviewing a job candidate is likely to anchor your assessment of the applicant and unduly influence how you interpret information that you obtain later. Confirmation Bias:  The rational decision-making process assumes that we objectively gather information. But we donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t. We selectively gather information. The information bias represents a specific case of selective perception. We seek out information that reaffirms our past choices, and we discount information that contradicts past judgments. We also tend to accept information at face value that confirms our preconceived views, while being critical and skeptical of information that challenges these views. The information we gather is typically biased toward supporting views we already hold. This confirmation bias influences where we go to collect evidence because we tend to seek out places that are more likely to tell us what we want to hear. It also leads us to give too much weight to supporting information and too little to contradictory information. Availability Bias:  Many more people suffer from fear of flying than fear of driving in a car. The reason is that many people think flying is more dangerous. If flying on a commercial airline was as dangerous as driving, the equivalent of two 747s filled to capacity would have to crash every week, killing all aboard, to match the risk of being killed in a car accident. But the media give a lot more attention to air accidents, so we tend to overstate the risk of flying and understate the risk of driving. This illustrates an example of the availability bias, which is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them. Events that evoke emotions, that are particularly vivid, or that have occurred more recently tend to be more available in our memory. As a result, we tend to be prone to overestimating unlikely events like an airplane crash. The availability bias can also explain why managers, when doing annual performance appraisals, tend to give more weight to recent behaviors of an employee than those behaviors of six or nine months ago. Escalation of Commitment Error:  Another distortion that creeps into decisions in practice is a tendency to escalate commitment when a decision stream represents a series of decisions. Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that itaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wrong. An example of this is of my friend, who has been dating a woman for about four years. He admitted that things werenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t going too well in their relationship; he informed me that he was going to marry the woman. A bit surprised by his decision, I asked him why. He responded: aâ‚ ¬? I have a lot invested in the relationship! aâ‚ ¬? It has been well documented that individuals escalate commitment to a failing course of action when they view themselves as a responsible for the failure. That is they aâ‚ ¬? throw good money after badaâ‚ ¬? o demonstrate that their initial decision wasnaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t wrong and to avoid having to admit they made a mistake. Escalation of commitment is also congruent with evidence that people try to appear consistent in what they say and do. Increasing commitment to previous actions conveys consistency. Escalation of commitment has obvious implications for managerial decisions. Many an organization has suffered large losses because a manager was determined to prove his or her original decision was right by continuing to commit resources to what was a lost cause from the beginning. In addition, consistency is a characteristic often associated with effective leaders. So managers, in an effort to appear effective, may be motivated to be consistent when switching to another course of action. In reality, effective managers are those who are able to differentiate between situations in which persistence will pay off and situations in which it will not. http://www. citeman. com/384-common-biases-and-errors-in-decision-making-process. html How to cite Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Process, Essay examples

Thailand Essays (775 words) - Provinces Of Thailand,

Thailand Thailand was Siam for most of its history. It is unique among southeast countries because it was never colonized by Europe. This phenomena affects the very nature of the land and its people to this day. The Thais call their country "Prathet Thai," which can be translated as "Land of the Free." Thai people came from China's Pamir Plateau around the 10th century A.D. because of the agricultural potential in the region. Modernization of Thailand began in the 19th century under King Mongkut and his son, Chulalongkorn. He ended slavery and exposed the nation to Western concepts and technology. The exposure lead to a revolution in 1932, and the absolute monarchy was replaced. Siam became Thailand in 1939. For many years there was continual conflict between military and civil forces for control of the country. In 1988 there was a democratic transfer of power, and 1992 saw a constitutional reform which stated that no military member could serve as the Prime Minister. The democratic transfer of power was a smooth one. (Exergy). Today Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. The king is the chief of state but has few executive responsibilities. King Bhumibol Adulyadej has been king for 50 years and is very respected. The prime minister, currently Chuan Leekpai, heads the government. The legislative National Assembly consists of two houses: a 270-member Senate, whose members are appointed by the king, and a 360-seat House of Representatives, whose members are directly elected. The judicial branch consists of three court levels, of which the highest is the Supreme or Sarndika. All over the age of 18 are able to vote. In villages, local chiefs are elected by the people. (1,5). Thailand is located in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma. It borders Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Thailand has a tropical climate characterized by three seasons. From May to October the southwest monsoon brings warm, heavy rain. From November to February during the northeast monsoon the weather is dry and cool. The hot season, from March to May is characterized by high temperatures, humidity, and an absence of rain. (8) Topographically Thailand can be divided into four regions. The North is a mountainous region consisting of natural forests, ridges and deep, narrow, alluvial valleys. The Central region, the basin of the Chao Phraya River, is a lush, fertile valley. It is the richest and most extensive rice-producing area in the country and has often been called the "Rice Bowl of Asia." Bangkok, the capital and most populated city, is located here. The Northeast, or the Korat Plateau, is an arid region characterized by a rolling surface and undulating hills. Harsh climactic conditions often result in this region being subjected to floods and droughts. The South is a hilly to mountainous area with thick virgin forests and rich deposits of minerals and ores. This region is the center for the production of rubber and the cultivation of other tropical crops. Thailand's minerals and resources consist of the following: tin, tungsten, timber, rubber, natural gas, lead, tantalum, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, and fish. (9) Local transportation in Thailand are usually by bus or taxi. While most people do not have cars, greater ownership has significantly increased urban traffic problems. (Traffic moves on the left side of the road.) Railways 4,623 total km Highways 56,903 total km 52,806 paved km 4,097 unpaved km Canals are often used for transportation in rural and some urban areas. The Chao Phraya River serves as the most important waterway for Bangkok. Merchant and commuter traffic on this river is common. There are 3,999 km of principal waterways and numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft. Ports and harbors are in Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Sattahip, Si Racha, and Songkhla. There are about 40 international airlines with 288 flights in and out of Bangkok's Don Muang International Airport per day. International flights are now available to provincial centers such as Chiang Mai, Phuket and Had Yai. Domestic air services also connect Bangkok with the Kingdom's provincial cities. Airports 100 total 86 paved runways 14 unpaved runways Heliports 2 total The government communications system is well developed, and the public telephone system is adequate for most needs. There are 1,553,200 telephone sets in use. (5,8,9) The most interesting thing Thailand has to offer, though, are its people. Thailand's total population is at 60 million. Other significant information include the following: growth rate 1% birth rate 17 births/1,000 pop. death rate 7.05 deaths/1,000 pop. age breakdown mean 25.6 -14 25% 15-64 69% 65- 6% (8)

D.B.H. or Diameter Breast Height Tree Measure

D.B.H. or Diameter Breast Height Tree Measure A trees diameter at your breast or chest height is the most common tree measurement made on a tree by tree professionals. It is also called DBH for short. The only other measurement made of a tree as important is a trees total and merchantable height. This diameter is measured over the outside bark using a diameter tape at the point foresters call breast height. Breast height is specifically defined as a point around the trunk at 4.5 feet (1.37 meters in metric using countries) above the forest floor on the uphill side of the tree. For the purposes of determining breast height, the forest floor includes the duff layer that may be present  but does not include unincorporated woody debris that may rise above the ground line. It may assume a 12-inch stump in commercial forests. DBH has traditionally been the sweet spot on a tree where measurements are taken and where a multitude of calculations are made to determine things like growth, volume, yield and forest potential. This spot at breast level is a convenient way of measuring a tree without the need to bend your waist or climb up a ladder to take the measurement. All growth, volume and yield tables are calculated to correspond with DBH. How to Measure DBH There are at least three devices you can use to measure a tree diameter. The most commonly used device is a diameter tape that reads directly into a measurement of diameter in given increments of your prefered unit of measurement (inches or millimeters). There are calipers that will hug the tree and the measurement is read using the caliper scale. There is also the Biltmore stick that is designed to use a sighting angle at a given distance from the eye and reads the left and right trunk sighting. Measuring the diameter of a normally shaped tree is straightforward. There are other situations where measuring DBH should be handled differently. Measuring a forked tree below DBH: Measure the tree diameter just below the fork swell. The measurement should be made at the normal spot if the tree forks above DBH.Measuring multiple stems from ground root sprouts: Measure each stem diameter at diameter breast height.Measuring a straight tree on a slope: Measure dbh at the upper side of the slope.Measuring a leaning tree: Measure the diameter at 4.5 feet from the base and up the lean.Measuring a Swelling Tree Base or Buttress: Measure the tree just above the swell. If the buttress stops before DBH, measure as usual.

The Geographic Adventures of Captain James Cook

The Geographic Adventures of Captain James Cook James Cook was born in 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a Scottish migrant farm worker who allowed James to apprentice on coal carrying boats at the age of eighteen. While working in the North Sea, Cook spent his free time learning math and navigation. This led to his appointment as mate. Searching for something more adventurous, in 1755 he volunteered for the British Royal Navy and took part in the Seven Years War and was an instrumental part of the surveying of the St. Lawrence River, which helped in the capture of Quebec from the French. Cook'sFirst Voyage Following the war, Cooks skill at navigation and interest in astronomy made him the perfect candidate to lead an expedition planned by the Royal Society and Royal Navy to Tahiti to observe the infrequent passage of Venus across the face of the sun. Precise measurements of this event were needed worldwide in order to determine the accurate distance between the earth and sun. Cook set sail from England in August, 1768 on the Endeavor. His first stop was Rio de Janeiro, then the Endeavor proceeded west to Tahiti where camp was established and the transit of Venus was measured. After the stop in Tahiti, Cook had orders to explore and claim possessions for Britain. He charted New Zealand and the east coast of Australia (known as New Holland at the time). From there he proceeded to the East Indies (Indonesia) and across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. It was an easy voyage between Africa and home; arriving in July, 1771. Cook's Second Voyage The Royal Navy promoted James Cook to Captain following his return and had a new mission for him, to find Terra Australis Incognita, the unknown southern land. In the 18th century, it was believed that there was much more land south of the equator than had already been discovered. Cooks first voyage did not disprove claims of a huge landmass near the South Pole between New Zealand and South America. Two ships, the Resolution and the Adventure left in July, 1772 and headed to Cape Town just in time for the southern summer. Captain James Cook proceeded south from Africa and turned around after encountering large amounts of floating pack ice (he came within 75 miles of Antarctica). He then sailed to New Zealand for the winter and in summer proceeded south again past the Antarctic Circle (66.5 ° South). By circumnavigating the southern waters around Antarctica, he indisputably determined that there was no habitable southern continent. During this voyage, he also discovered several island chains in the Pacific Ocean. After Captain Cook arrived back in Britain in July, 1775, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received their highest honor for his geographic exploration. Soon Cooks skills would again be put to use. Cook's Third Voyage The Navy wanted Cook to determine if there was a Northwest Passage, a mythical waterway which would allow sailing between Europe and Asia across the top of North America. Cook set out in July of 1776 and rounded the southern tip of Africa and headed east across the Indian Ocean. He passed between the North and South islands of New Zealand (through Cook Strait) and towards the coast of North America. He sailed along the coast of what would become Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska and proceeded through the Bering Straight. His navigation of the Bering Sea was halted by the impassible Arctic ice. Upon yet again discovering that something did not exist, he continued his voyage. Captain James Cooks  last stop was in February, 1779 at the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) where he was killed in a fight with islanders over the theft of a boat. Cooks explorations dramatically increased European knowledge of the world. As a ship captain and skilled cartographer, he filled in many gaps on world maps. His contributions to eighteenth century science helped propel further exploration and discovery for many generations.

Out group culture experience Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Out group culture experience - Movie Review Example I am a Chinese national and would very often compare my socio-cultural with what happens in United States of America. Every year from the movie, many people hope to land in the USA from Southern as well as Central America to evade poverty implications in their countries. They experience a jungle of a nightmare while traveling along a stretch of the desert of ‘death corridor’. Many migrants have perished at this place. The in-group culture identity would range from religion (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism), arts (Kung Fu, traditional dance, acrobatic,) and immigration policies. The Chinese government regulates the issue of immigration; favoring skilled labor to unskilled labor (Diestro-Dopido 2014). The unique hukou system of China distinguishes Chinese internal migration from migration in other developing countries; China founded the global hukou system, which restricted the mobility of the people. It aims to tie farmers to land, secure agricultural supply.The in-group experience is more pleasing and reliable. The cultural activities in China enhance peace and harmony in the soc iety because people meet very often to participate. There are many advantages of in-group because of a common language- a contributor to unity (Pedzich

Petroleum water injection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Petroleum water injection - Essay Example For the formation of this petroleum reservoir worth producing various geological elements are required. These elements include; porous reservoir rock which stores the petroleum, organic rocks which are the source of generating the gas or oil and lastly some kind of traps to prevent leaking away of the oil and gas (Souza at el). Usually these traps are found in predictable areas like next to faults, top of anticlines and under sandstone beds. The traps are of three types; structural, hydrodynamic and stratigraphic traps. Hydrodynamic traps are not common types of trap. They usually caused by water pressure differences that are as a result of water flow which creates a tilt of hydrocarbon water contact. Structural traps are bents and deformed areas beneath the surface that hold oil and gas. Mostly the traps are simple domes or more complicated faults. A fluid, which is water, oil or gas, fills the pores. Gas move to the top as it is the lightest, followed by oil then water stays down. Stratigraphic traps are depositional in nature as they are formed frequently by porous sandstone body or limestone getting enclosed in shale. The oil and gas are kept from getting away by the shale. Petroleum reservoirs are generally located beneath the surface at 1000 to 30000 feet. They vary in size, type and age. They often extend over hundreds of kilometers, plus include a number of oil wells spread out across a big area. Petroleum reservoir formation can be divided into; planktons, algae and protein rich life buried beneath sand layers and mud at source rock this involves sand accumulation, lastly buried reside transfer into liquid hydrocarbons. Topographical characteristics play an important role in the petroleum reservoirs formation. Petroleum reservoirs were discovered in the 19th century when Edwin Laurentine discovered that rock oil produces a distilled product for lanterns he then did the first well drill in 1859.The success of this drill which was close to an oil seep mo tivated further drilling in the same area, which soon led to same explorations in other places. The growing need for petroleum products led to petroleum reservoirs drilling in several states and countries. Petroleum reservoirs can be accidentally discovered, this mostly happens when oil seeps to the surface or it seeps into water supply thereby exposing its presence in that area. In some instances, it is necessary to deliberately explore different regions by the application f geographical and scientific knowledge with the intention of discovering locations A petroleum reservoir may be discovered by accident, as has happened when the oil seeps to the surface or when the oil seeps into water supply, consequently revealing its presence in that location. Other times, it is often necessary to intentionally explore different regions through the application of scientific and geographic knowledge with the view of discovering other places that may contain petroleum reservoir. Petroleum explo ration and production which is the way to get gas and oil is performed by geologists, engineers and geophysicists. Geologists examine areas of the earth where sediments gather together. They then analyze the areas of interest closely to find out whether or not reservoir rocks and source rocks are present in the area. Examination of the rocks is done at the earth surface and drilled wells in the area. Geologists also use satellite images