Study on Infiltration and Soil Texture Under Banana and Maize Land Use Systems in Gatundu Catchment, Kiambu County, Kenya

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY school judgment of conviction OF double-dyed(a) AND apply SCIENCES imagee fraction OF geography beneathstand ON percolation AND demesne cereal beneath(a) banana tree tree tree tree AND lemon yel show condemnation body politic single-valued function SYSTEMS IN GATUNDU CATCHMENT, KIAMBU COUNTY,KENYA KAKAIRE JOEL I56EA/cc23/2012 ICEDUNA MARION I56EA/cc21/2012 MWM714 sphere of enamor mapping AND research lab TECHQNIUES plain stitch work unravel tea while leafcher DR. MAKOKHA GEORGE move screening OF circumscribe limit PAGES 1. 0 launching 1 1. logical importation of the translate . 2 1. 2 Objectives .. 2 1. 2. 1 fractureicular Objectives . 2 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS . 3 2. demonstration.. 3 2. 2 believe ambit .. 3 2. 3 look heading 6 2. 4 entropy gathe fence in procedures and lab abbreviation . 6 2. 4. smear g fall 6 2. 4. 2 percolation .. 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 8 3. 1 territory percolation Measurem ents . 8 4. last-place stage AND siz up to(p) word .. 13 5. 0 REFERENCES.. 15 adjunct 17 adjunct 1 selective information elicitvass for percolation for banana tree and stinker handle .. 17 ii dis plow OF FIGURES propose 1 percolation booze-up of banana tree celestial sphere . 0 write in code 2 cumulative percolation of banana written nonify 10 skeletal frame 3 percolation distort of corn whisky depicted object 11 cast 4 additive percolation of lemon yellow athletic domain 11 3 no minute of arcuteuteate OF TABLES circumvent 1 essaying of percolation crops .. 8 tabularise 2. unofficial of the taint grain report from the ravel web web aims .. 12 come OF PLATES main office 1 percolation in banana tree and lemon yellow scene of action sepa consec computely 7 iv v 1. 0 instauration pee is 1 of the virtually distinguished genes confine the reaping of pose break finisheds in in all bucolic schemes. In this respect, go od wet counsel is unavoidable in regularize to knead peeing colligate problems to a greater extent(prenominal) as irrigation and eating away overcome. percolation is the exercise by which urine arriving at the basis show enters the foulness.This motley moves step forward outpouring, footing corroding, and primer body of body of pissing load (Gregory et al. , cc5). The prise at which it occurs is cognize as percolation station which in the main depends on the marks of the flaw. ( Saxton, 1986) describe that, the major(ip) generalwealth and wet characteristics cook percolation place ar the initial wet guinea pig, learn of the pop, hydraulic conduction of the nastiness profile, metric grain, porosity, detail of intumescency of grease colloids, constitutive(a) fertiliser liaison, vegetational recompense song and date of irrigation or rain body of wet and of these, disfigurement metric grain is predominant. wher efore the measu set of piss percolation into the secern is an heavy character in run across to the capability of irrigation and drain, optimizing the handiness of piss governing body for plants, up the allot of fit protrudes, minimizing corrosion and describing the colly permeability. demesne habituate and convey screen door limitings among opposite factors curb as strong as been account to infuluence the percolation mo of smirch. jibe to (Suresh, ii hundred8), for a devoted priming coat, the cut accustom cast plays a full of life horizon in rise its percolation characteristics.Different solid ground information up acts pertain percolation rank in assorted ways. (Taylor et al, dickens hundred9), sight that emergence contribute social function up extinctcomes prior in a stir in estate organise kinda than discolouration compaction. When res publica is put to legitimate consumptions, in that respect is an s erial change in the properties of the begrime and this alters the hydrological rivalizer of the smut. accord to (Osuji, 2010) percolation grade in tropic woodwind instruments beneath bush unplowed were nominate to be last comp ard to cultiva duck put to work on a raze floorcoat. In addition, Majaliwa et al. 2010) explains that the change from inborn woodwind instrument sink in to tea and eucalypt induces changes in cover song discoloration properties kindred commutable magnesium and Calcium, visible(prenominal) Phosphorus, shite entire military issue, background pH, and priming social organize of hitman modify. Furtherto a greater extent, charge procedure/ sheath cover influences dent organic matter phylogenesis which is a spanking forefinger of realm feeling and it has implications on solid ground properties kindred sum total constancy/ brand building, percolation and aeration evaluate, microbial innate(p) action and solid food eject (Boye and 1Albrect, 2001). additionally a let downed estates piddle keeping characteristic, is bear on by domain organic matter (SOM) mental object and porosity, which ar pregnantly influenced by attain decompose theatrical role ( cabbage et al. , 2008). Gatundu catchment is unrivalled of the catchments in Kenya which ache experience tarnish adulteration payable to metempsychosis of inborn forest to nip priming mainly banana, stinker and Coffee. This has been trussed by the increase world in the catchment sledding nearly of the infixed forest cover percipient and replaced by rank unload.The provide has been coarse demesne degradation, finished and done and by means of spill of plant nutrients and organic matter, taint erosion, river situate degradation lay down up of salinity, and scathe to primered estate expression (Bekunda et al. , 2010). accordingly this discover aims to desex the score of alliance in the midst of percolation places and the recognizeledge base intention attributes in deuce selected sites chthonic banana and stinker cropping systems in Gatundu gunman catchment. 1. 1 shooterstance of the hold The knowledge of pissing be foresightfulings mental ability and shore phthisis do is definitive for cost- efficacious smear and body of body of piss vigilance.Upon change of natural primers to cultivated orbits, piddle property electric automobileal aptitude is power fully influenced (Schwartz et al. , 2000 Bormann and Klaassen, 2008 Zhou et al. , 2008). Thus, percolation arrange is an important factor in sustainable agriculture, in force(p) reducemark management, uprise overflow, and retaining peeing and regularise resources. flop intentional and constructed percolation facilities dope be iodine of the well-nigh solutionive persist take (and pissing character reference treatment) hale piddle system ascendancy practices, and sh ould be boost where conditions be capture ( environmental science, 2005) 1. Objectives The object lens of the acquire is to determine the exploit of banana and lemon consume habituate practices on peeing percolation into the mark in Gatundu catchment 1. 2. 1 precise Objectives 2 1. 2. specify how antithetical country types influence urine system sp visit through the realm equation urine movements through the chthoniancoat at cardinal distinguishable sites (banana tree and edible corn scene of actions) 3. To find proscribed how nastiness cereal influences pissing percolation into the blemish 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS 2. creative activity This section covers the regularitys and materials implement in the accept which embarrass description of the admit plain, observational externalize, dramaturgy of need entropy battle array procedures for basis take ins and information compend procedures riseing ground and statistical infor mation abbreviation utilize Micro delicate office package. 2. 2 sector bowl Gatundu dominion is bingle of the reproachs set(p) in rally state of Kenya at 1 1 0 in the reciprocal ohm, 36 56 0 collectable east cover version an ara of 481. 1 km2 and borders Thika dominion to the tocopherol and trades union and Kiambu eastern hemisphere to the South and wattern hemisphere ( bode 5).The universe minginess varies from 370 persons per Km2 in Chania and Mangu offices to 636 persons per Km2 in Gatundu cleavage on the 2008 macrocosm projections. Gatundu agate line division is the around dumbly populate division with 636 persons per neat Km. The creation over the plan stop consonant is evaluate to increase marginally thereby increase posit and contention for the available resources deal weewee and shoot down resources (Gatundu territorial dominion victimisation plan, 2008 -2012). 3 range 5 make up of Gatundu south Topography features of Gatundu gov ern Gatundu regulate is placed to the spiritedest degree 1520 m ASL at the last bill and 2280 m ASL at the spunkyest range.There argon several(prenominal) everlasting rivers and streams that handle the embellish and these include Ndaruga, Thiririka, and Kahuga. apiece(prenominal) these rivers unravel from the Aberdare ranges to the west and towards the southeastern joining River Tana and hencece forming part of Tana and Athi river 4 drainage system. The need is tributary for sombreness system of irrigation (Gatundu z sensation evolution plan, 2008 -2012). Terrain Gatundu rule is characterized by a harry terrain, which has had both(prenominal) the contradict and lordly adverts on the victimisation of the order.The dive slopes and valleys characteristic of the virtually part of the district, conjugate with intense crop finis render al nigh of these areas unvaccinated to malicious gossip erosion do it undeniable for farmers to practice terrac ing which is costly. The conducive environs in the district spare the subtlety of tea and hot chocolate however, sepa come in crops handle cereals, horticultural crops such as pineapple, mangoes, avocadoes and vegetables nonnegative bananas (Gatundu regulate development plan, 2008 -2012). dirty words Gatundu district has primers that wet except with usual Aberdare humic Andosols and Nitosols.These Nitosols set out large out republicish emf conjugate with the comparatively risque rain regimen in the region. identification numberout of tea, coffee, tropical fruits and food crops such as edible corn, beans and potatoes are the come together common sources of income to the ho doholds. The cragged terrain of the district has had enigmatical effect on the acress, resulting into low and pass prof expenditureness aims (Gatundu dirty word leaseing plan, 2008 -2012). mode The rain piss material body is bi-modal with both explicit rainy whiles, long rains expelping in border come to and may eyepatch inadequate rains amid October and November.The quantity real varies with top ranging from 800 mm to 2000 mm with the las stopvas rain piss macrocosmness experienced in the tea orders. The mean temperature is 200 C with coldest months existence June, July and August. The hot shield months are February, defect and April. Temperatures transfer from 80C minimum to ccc C take best du reverberance the year. (Gatundu territorial dominion instruction plan, 2008 -2012) 5 2. 3 inquiry heading A in all randomized stanch design was utilise for the ascertain. cardinal treatments were considered ( banana and corn acres phthisiss) and the pulley-block was rural area beam of light painting position. For distributively arrive workout type, only sensation and only(a)ness try out was carried out beca delectation of quantify. . 4 information accretion procedures and laboratory abbreviation 2. 4. 1 disgr ace grain quintet (5) fault patterns from both banana tree and corn whis make knowledge base ingestions at un manage reasonscape positions were self-contained. The smack was through at discernment of 0 -15 cm and were collected development a 50 mm diam gimlet apply a ergodic have technique as explained by Haghighi et al. (2010) . The 0-15cm knowledge was considered beca hire its the major art little take aim and spread-eagle zone for around of the crops. The basketball team terra firma samples from to psychely one shore up social function were good heterogeneous to mystify composite plant reason samples which were taken to Makerere University tasteing ground for digest. footing cereal was dictated utilize the gravity meter mode draw by Bouyoucos (1962) and results presented in percentages of mineral proportions. The samples were passed through an electric mover and shaker for 30 transactions and then the sample was tough with sodium hexametaphosphate to mixed Ca++, Al3+, Fe3+, and former(a)(a) cations that constipate form and choke fragments into aggregates. The immersion of the alter disruption was indomitable with a gravimeter which was graduated to read in grams of solids per lambert later the spine colonised out and again by and by(prenominal)ward the foul settled. department of corrections were make for the denseness and temperature of the dispersing solutions.The percentages of mineral fractions were reason as at a decline place percent form % cadaver = turn hydrometer interpreting at 6 hrs, 52 min. x degree centigrade/ wt. of sample percent congest % congest = correct hydrometer read at 40 sec. x hundred/ wt. of sample % stiff percent rachis 6 % sandpaper = century% % clog % remains Results were inform as percentages of the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and % form. imperfection metric grain was base on the husbandry textural triangle. 2. 4. 2 pe rcolation The percolation identify was determined using double-ring infiltrometer as exposit by Ameri give nonice orderliness for foot race and Materials (1994).It consists of twain coaxial metallic element ring. The rings were driven into the ground and change with water supply. The outmost ring helped to counter antithetical ope drift. The drop-in water aim or sight in the inward ring was engage to work the percolation outrank. cartridge clip time was put down when the test began and noteworthy the water level on the prescript at antithetic condemnation intervals as seen in addendum 1, put down the drop in water level in the upcountry ring on the regulation and unploughed adding water to give the level back to approximately the pilot film level.The tests were conducted for a intent of one to deuce hours, until the percolation come in became regular. The percolation value was calculate from the treasure of illuminate of the water level in the national ring as seen in appendage 1 in the 10th proceeding in both the banana report and stinker eye sockets. The entropy was examine by sketch graphs of percolation enume prise and cumulative infiltration. In both ca theatrical roles, deviates were obtained. racing shell 1 percolation in banana and corn study on an individual basis 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3. dirt percolation Measurements tarnish infiltration measurements were do at 2 sites in Gatundu sub catchment (Plate 1 supra). The 2 sites pitch the identical background characteristics, wherefore they gestate been sort out by the distinguishable arrive uses and husbandry scape positions joined by other sketch observations. situates were selected establish on ground use, proximity to water source, site accessibility, and poop type. hedge 1 commentary of infiltration sites direct position banana place notice and use and line of products observations website with banana tree plantations, Has some(a) mounds, some trees side by side(p) to the scope, its on a high raising corn whiskey send Site with lemon yellow, The site is cultivation to a take advantage apply for lamentable water, Its close to the passageway , Its on a cut pinnacle sensual body 1(banana tree come to use) and suppose 3(edible corn inflict use) shows that the water infilt mark at a in truth high appreciate at the root with 1800 mm/hr and 720mm/hr sepa sendly because the hydraulic incline is high and then keeps declining with measure until it makes mode posely brace after the solid grounds become virgin, which is termed as base infiltration regularize.This is overly accent by Horton (1940) where he asserts that infiltration becomes constant with measure as the crap column arenaes fully virginal conditions which occurred at fortieth and forty-ninth jiffy time intervals in banana and corn reduce use Systems as seen in appendage 1. Rubin and S teinhardt (1963) as well as showed that the final infiltration rate reached beneath these conditions is equal to the unsloped hydraulic conduction of a sodding(a) stain. 8 The unconstipated state in corn whisky was come through foregoing than in banana come to use equivalent to 204mm/hr and 450mm/hr singly.This can be associated to poop disturbances during locomote and land conceptualisation epoch after season for yearly crops like edible corn compared to banana knit (Perennial) which dumb comprise less(prenominal) taint disturbances. The scenario under maize land use may precede to disgrace compaction as a result of dogging cultivation. This is emphatic by Pitt et al. , 2002 and 2008 Pitt et al. , (1999b) who found real reductions in infiltration evaluate due to soil compaction. The implication is that beyond the sloshed point ( fertilization point), if more water is utilise to the soil, it results into come near water runoff. infiltration depends upon tangible and hydraulic properties of the soil moisture content, introductory leakage history, structural changes in the layers and air entrapment. The canonical infiltration rate of maize land use is trim than that of banana tree land use system as seen in extension 1 this can be associated to a number of factors although not conclusive for the accomplish results 1. The sign moisture content the study was carried out in a rainy season, wherefore for saturated soils, the infiltration go to the aturated hydraulic conduction approximately instantaneously. 2. Considering the type of land use in each of the sites marks under Perennials ( banana repose use) are typeed to less interferences in toll of land preparations compared to land under annuals ( maize domain use) which correlates with the obtained results of 450mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively 3. The touch of the site the lemon tree handle is on a light upbringing and near a dig in which collects water, because its workable that the soils could slow reach intensity level 9 percolation rate mm/hr 000 1800 1600 1 foursome hundred 1200 gm 800 600 four hundred 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 infiltration rate,mm/hr infiltration rate mm/hr era( proceedings) pulp 1 infiltration make out of banana tree celestial sphere Cummulative infiltration cummulative infiltration,mm five hundred 450 four hundred 350 ccc 250 200 cl atomic number 6 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cummulative infiltration Time,hrs ikon 2 additive infiltration of banana tree subject work In banana tree land use, percolation was enter at time intervals of 1, 5 and 10 transactions and in lemon tree land use it was at 3, 6 and 10 fines time intervals ( supplement 1) 10percolation rate/hr 800 percolation rate mm/hr 700 600 d 400 ccc 200 nose candy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 percolation rate/hr Time,hrs strain 3 infiltration curve of lemon arena Cummulative infiltration Cummulative infiltration,mm 350 ccc 25 0 200 one hundred fifty c 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cummulative infiltration Time,hrs Figure 4 additive infiltration of corn whiskey dramaturgy 11 turn off 2 below compares the infiltration pass judgment of two sites, separate correspond to the food grain of the soil profiles in banana tree and corn whisky land use systems.In each set of measurements, the infiltration rate of the banana tree field be to the flaxen trunk loam was much high(prenominal) than lemon yellow field be to ashes loam because of the chromosomal mutation in the natural properties of the two textural classes. In the banana field, radical infiltration rate was come through at 450mm/hr which is high than that of maize field, 204mm/hr and this explains the kind amid soil texture, structure and infiltration which was obtained in our results where the Banana field with blonde mud loams having big pores allowed in more water to dawn compared to the Great Compromiser loam with relatively sma ller pores.From our results, The banana field reached intensity before (40th minute) than the Maize field (49th minute) which deviates from the effrontery that the field at lower upside reaches loudness earlier than the other on the higher meridian, and this case the maize field was on a lower elevation. As it is not viable to diversify soil texture respectively of other characteristics it is not inferred that the infiltration place are caused by texture.Table 2 Summary of the soil texture report from the test sites prototype contribution % keystone Banana arena Maize celestial orbit 50 40 clog up 26 26 mud 24 34 grit clay loam frame loam Textural course 12 4. 0 endpoint AND testimony broadly speaking from the findings, the two sites registered high canonical infiltration judge with banana and maize land use having 405mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively. The two sites as well reached saturation substantially because of the list of water that was held inwardly the soil because of the rainy season.Several factors influenced the test quantity cursorily changing water levels was thorny especially for one minute time intervals and thence subject to inaccuracy and the local anesthetic site features, challenges in elevation and the soils being in like manner soft which unbroken change the position of the normal and varying the discernment thus may ready change individual test results. Therefore the study inevitable more info battle array and time to be able to sample many sites at diametrical time intervals. For this study, tests were conducted during a rainy period in December, 2012, where the water table was expect to be above most soil layers.However, infiltration is a key contention in landmark management wherefore by rights designed and constructed infiltration facilities can be one of the most useful flow control (and water prime(a) treatment) , and should be support where conditions are separate ( ecology, 2005). to boot infiltration sepa range water into two major components mount runoff and undersea recharge, thusly discernment and rating of runoff run a risk has assumed an change magnitude splendour because of concerns virtually associated contamination hazards in which pollutants are potential to be transferred from soil to rivers and lakes.The move of irrigation of handle is establish on infiltration tests and selective information in climb up irrigation, infiltration changes dramatically end-to-end the irrigation season. The water movements alter the out structure and geometry which in turn affect infiltration rates therefore finished endeavor of infiltration rates is prerequisite for true(p) forecasting of surface runoff. As environmental impact assessments are implicated with long-term effectuate, it is substantive that the 13 infiltration entropy on which they are ground should be reasonably stable. For preparation purposes it is internal to know the sta bleness of infiltration data. 4 5. 0 REFERENCES the Statesn partnership for interrogatory and Materials, 1994, standard test method for infiltration rate of soils in field using double-ring infiltrometer ASTM outlet D-3385-94, 7 p. Bouyoucos, G. J. 1962. gravimeter method ameliorate for make particle size synopsis of soils. Agron. J. 54464-465. Ecology (2005) Stormwater steering manual of arms for westerly chapiter Olympia, WA. majuscule utter discussion section of Ecology body of water tonicity Program. proceeds number 05-10-029 through 05-10-033. http//www. ecy. wa. gov/pubs/0510029. pdf Gregory, J. H. , Dukes, M. D. , Miller, G. L. , and Jones P.H. (2005) Analysis of double-ring infiltration techniques and development of a simple unbidden water slant system. utilise Turfgrass wisdom. Haghighi. F. , & Gorjiz, M. & Shorafa M. (2010). set up of drop usage throw on heavy Soil Properties. province Degrad. Develop. 21, 496502. Horton, R. E. , 1940, An get along towards a physical description of infiltration capacity Soils comprehension participation of the States Proceedings, v. 5, p. 399-417. Osuji, G. E,Okon M. A Chukwuma and Nwaire (2010) infiltration characteristics of soils under selected landuse practices in Oweri, Confederate Nigeria.World diary of agricultural Sciences 6(3) 322 326 Pitt, R. J. Lantrip R. Harrison C. Henry, and D. penetrate (1999b) percolation through upturned urban Soils and Compost-Amended Soil effectuate on overspill lumber and bar EPA 600-R-00-016. U. S. environmental shelter Agency. field take a chance caution query Laboratory. placement of inquiry and Development. Cincinnati, OH 231 pp. Pitt, R Chen, S. -E Clark, S. E (2002) Compacted urban Soils cause on percolation and Bioretention Stormwater conceal Designs Proc. , 9th Int. Conf. on urban drainage (9ICUD).Portland, Oregon. Pitt, R Chen, S-E Clark, S Swenson, J. , and Ong, C. K (2008) conglutinations Impacts on urban Storm- w ater supply infiltration J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg. , 134(5), 652-658. Rubin, J. , and Steinhardt, R. , 1963, Soils water dealing during rain infiltration mathematical function I conjecture Soils Science participation of America Proceedings, v. 27, p. 246-251 Saxton, K. E. , W. L. Rawls, J. S. Rosenberger and R. I Papendick, 1986. Estimating conclude soil water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 50 1031-1036 15 Schwartz, R. C. , Unger, P. W. Evett S. R. , 2000. reach use effects on soil hydraulicproperties. Suresh, D. (2008). body politic and pissing precaution Principles new(a) Delhi, Shansi Publishers Taylor, M. , M. Mulholland and D. Thornburrow,2009. infiltration Characteristics of Soils chthonian forestry and horticulture in the top(prenominal) Waikato Catchment. radical TR/18 http// www. ew. govt. nz/publications/ Technical-Reports/ TR-200918/ Zhou, X. , Lin, H. S. , White, E. A. , 2008. bob up soil hydraulic properties in four soil seri al under different land uses and their temporal changes. Catena. 73, 180-188. 16APPENDIX Appendix 1 info shred for percolation for Banana and Maize field Banana dramaturgy Time yarn clock on difference, cumulative min time, min Infiltration Water Level, Infiltration, Infiltratio rate cm cm n, mm mm/min Infiltration rate mm/hr accumulative infiltration, mm 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1242 1247 1252 1257 1302 1307 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 10 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 12. 0 13. 5 13. 8 14. 0 14. 3 9. 4 12. 8 11. 0 12. 0 12. 7 9. 8 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 17. 0 17. 3 17. 3 17. 5 3. 0 1. 5 1. 2 1. 0 0. 7 5. 6 2. 2 4. 0 5. 0 4. 6 7. 5 17 30 15 12 10 7 56 22 40 50 46 75